• Skip to main content
itrc_logo

6PPD & 6PPD-quinone

Home
About ITRC
Navigating this Website
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Summary: What Is 6PPD-q and What Is the Concern?
1.2 Transport Pathways: How Do 6PPD and 6PPD-q Get into the Environment?
1.3 What and Who Are Affected?
1.4 How Do We Identify and Measure 6PPD-q?
1.5 After We Find It, How Can We Mitigate It? What Else Can We Do?
1.6 What We Don’t Know: Knowledge and Research Gaps
1.7 Governance
1.8 Steps for Addressing 6PPD-q
2 Effects Characterization and Toxicity 
Section 2 Tables
2 Effects Characterization and Toxicity
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental Toxicology
2.3 Potential for Bioaccumulation and Adduct Formation
2.4 Human Health and Toxicology
2.5 Biomonitoring for 6PPD and 6PPD-q
2.6 Potential Populations of Concern
3 Chemical Properties
3 Chemical Properties
3.1 Solubility
3.2 Half-life
3.3 Transformation Products and Processes
3.4 Volatility
3.5 Biological Uptake
3.6 Biodegradation
4 Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Exposure Pathways 
Section 4 Tables
4 Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Exposure Pathways
4.1 Water
4.2 Soil
4.3 Sediment
4.4 Air
4.5 Potential Food Sources and Human Consumption of 6PPD and 6PPD-q
4.6 Consumer Products
5 Measuring, Mapping, and Modeling
Section 5 Tables
5 Measuring, Mapping, and Modeling
5.1 Field Methods
5.2 Laboratory Methods
5.3 Mapping and Modeling 6PPD-q and Potentially Vulnerable Ecosystems
6 Mitigation Measures and Solutions
6 Mitigation Measures and Solutions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Tire Alternatives and Innovation
6.3 Mitigation Practices
6.4 Remediation
7 Policies, Regulations, and Laws
7 Policies, Regulations, and Laws
7.1 Tribal Treaty Rights
7.2 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
7.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
7.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
7.5 Endangered Species Act (ESA)
7.6 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA)
7.7 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
7.8 Clean Water Act (CWA)
8 Information Gaps and Research Needs
8 Information Gaps and Research Needs
8.1 Effects Characterization and Toxicity
8.2 Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Exposure to 6PPD and 6PPD-q
8.3 How Effective Are the Proposed Solutions?
8.4 Current Research
9 References
Focus Sheet
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

6PPD & 6PPD-quinone
HOME

Acknowledgments 

ITRC and the Tire Anti-degradants (6PPD) Team express our gratitude to Ken Zarker for being the driving force behind this ITRC team. Ken was a pioneer in the field of pollution prevention and was involved in toxics reduction efforts with the automotive industry for many years. Some of his work at Washington Ecology focused on trying to identify toxics coming from cars that were causing coho mortality or URMS. After that chemical was finally identified as 6PPD-q, Ken encouraged Craig Manahan to submit a proposal for an ITRC team because Ken recognized the importance of sharing this information with other states, tribal nations, and municipalities. We are deeply saddened by his passing, though the legacy of his work lives on. 

The ITRC Tire Anti-degradants Team would like to express our gratitude to all who contributed and supported the efforts of the team to create the documents and outreach materials that are now available. 

First and foremost, we are grateful for and commend the hard work and dedication of all our active team members. In particular, we want to recognize the efforts of our subgroup leaders, without whom none of this would have been possible. Each one of them took time out from their busy schedules and displayed remarkable leadership during the development of the materials produced by this team. 

  • José Zambrana and Christine Nancarrow led the Problem Formulation subgroup; the materials they produced morphed into the Introduction of this document. 
  • Mike Garland and Dana McCue led the subgroup that wrote Section 2: Effects Characterization and Toxicity. 
  • Rachael Lane and Rhea Smith led the Environmental Assessment Strategies subgroup. Their group produced Section 3: Properties of 6PPD and 6PPD-q; Section 4: Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Exposure Pathways; and Section 5: Measuring, Mapping, and Modeling. 
  • Madison Rose Bristol and Sigrida Reinis led the Solutions subgroup; the materials they produced became Section 6: Mitigation Measures and Solutions and Section 7: Policies, Regulations, and Laws. 
  • Rachael Lane took on double responsibilities. She and Ryann Reents led the development and deployment of the training and outreach. 

Our team was fortunate and benefited from the active participation of subject matter experts who are leading the research on the many questions surrounding 6PPD and 6PPD-q. They include Rachael Lane, Rhea Smith, Susan Cormier, Ezra Miller, Lizbeth Seebacher, Mark Jankowski, Allen Brookes, Rich Baldauf, and Denis da Silva. Additionally, Jenifer McIntyre, Caitlin Lawrence, Andrew Patterson, Million Woudneh, Sara Nedrich, Katie Holzer, Brent Pautler, and Justin Greer shared their research with the team and kept us up to date on the latest developments on 6PPD and 6PPD-q. Thanks also go to Jamie McNutt and Sarah Amick, who brought our team up to speed on everything related to tires. 

The 6PPD team was exceptionally lucky to have thoughtful and active engagement from our USEPA liaisons and partners. In addition to the subject matter experts from USEPA listed above, we give many thanks to José Zambrana, Kathie Dionisio, and Heather Goss. Their participation markedly improved our deliverables and helped us reach consensus even though the science on 6PPD and 6PPD-q is rapidly evolving. 

We would also like to thank Seth Book and Marissa Pauling for providing expertise and guidance on tribal fisheries and treaty rights. 

Many thanks to all the contributing authors who are too numerous to name. The documents and our training materials are truly the result of a team effort. Thank you all—you have been wonderful to work with (see the full list of contributing authors below). 

Thank you to Craig Manahan and Anne Cooper Doherty. They proposed the 6PPD project to ITRC and initiated the formation of this team. 

ITRC staff members Marguerite Bennett, Carolyn Sistare, Evan Madden, and Derick Winn provided critical support throughout the course of the team’s work. Nicole Henderson, project support contractor, was also a helpful resource. ITRC Executive Director Charles Reyes has been incredibly supportive of our team as we navigated the unique challenges of working on a rapidly emerging chemical of concern. 

The help and support of the ITRC board has been instrumental. In particular, Claudio Sorrentino, ITRC Board Member and Team Leader Liaison, helped the team leaders set the tone for leading the team and provided guidance to get us through the rough patches. Thank you! 

These documents were improved significantly from their initial draft by the many comments received during our internal and external review periods. Special thanks go out to all of those who made comments and suggestions on each of the documents. We also acknowledge the tremendous amount of help and support gathered by the ITRC State Points of Contact during the review stages and state surveys. 

Additional thanks go to Heather Stettler for her rigorous technical editing of both the focus sheet and the larger document. 

Producing this document and training would not have been possible without the unflagging assistance of our Program Advisor, Steve Brauner. Steve seamlessly stepped in as Program Advisor midway through the team’s life cycle. He got up to speed quickly and jumped right into the project at our fall meeting. In addition to the logistics of running the team, Steve always asked thought-provoking questions that helped firm up the content of our document and training. His thoughtfulness and team-oriented spirit helped to maintain the character of our team, even through difficult team deadlines that often overlapped with deadlines from our “day jobs”. We are tremendously grateful for the work and dedication that Steve has provided the team. 

Team Members

State and Local Government


Renee Goentzel
Alaska Department of Transportation

Caitlin Burwell
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality

Anne-Cooper Doherty
California Department of Toxic Substances Control

Claudio Sorrentino
California Department of Toxic Substances Control

Farrukh Ahmad
California Department of Toxic Substances Control

Kelly Grant
California Department of Toxic Substances Control

Vivek Mathrani
California Department of Toxic Substances Control

Michael Garland
California Environmental Protection Agency

Brian Gaboriau
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

Shannon Pociu
Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

Kalyanasundar Balasubramanian

California Department of Toxic Substances Control

Ryann Reents
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

Crystal Pirozek
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

Frannie Nilsen
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality

Jennie Morgan
Oregon Department of Transportation

Pablo Martos
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

Tim Barrick
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

Sandra Snyder
South Carolina Department of Environmental Services

Keisha Long
South Carolina Department of Environmental Services

Ian McMullen
State of Delaware, DNREC, Division of Water

Justin Meredith
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

Stanley Aniagu
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

Nadine Demers
Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation

William R. Chapman
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality

Cody Nichols
Kansas Department of Health and Environment

Gregory Wilson
Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection

Jared Champagne
Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality

Louise Roy
Maine Department of Environmental Protection

Iver McLeod
Maine Department of Environmental Protection

Miguel Mendez
Massachusetts Department of Public Health

Aubrey Munsell
Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

Mark Reimann
Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy

Michael Behrens
Nebraska Department of Environment & Energy

Daniel Millemann
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

Kristina Merola
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

Adam Hayes
Washington State Department of Ecology

Madison Bristol
Washington State Department of Ecology

Morgan Baker
Washington State Department of Ecology

Douglas Howie
Washington State Department of Ecology

Rhea Smith
Washington State Department of Ecology

Stephanie Gill
Washington State Department of Ecology

Tanya Williams
Washington State Department of Ecology

Samuel Iwenofu
Washington State Department of Ecology

Cassie Horton
Washington State Department of Ecology

Craig Manahan
Washington State Department of Ecology

Elinor Fanning
Washington State Department of Health

Mallory Little
Washington State Department of Health

Tatiana Dreisbach
Washington State Department of Transportation

Tony Bush
Washington State Department of Transportation

City/Local Government


Steve Nelson
City of Austin, Texas

Lanita Walker
City of Tallahassee

Shelly Walther
Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts

Samreen Siddiqui
King County

Lan Wiborg
Orange County Sanitation District

Kim Nimmer
Orange Water and Sewer Authority (OWASA)

River Wan
Pierce County

Federal Government


Denis da Silva
NOAA

Christopher Zevitas
US Department of Transportation

Jacob Klaybor
US Department of Transportation

Emily Richardt
US Department of Transportation

Rachael Lane
US Geological Survey

Patrick Moran
US Geological Survey

Prarthana Shankar
US Geological Survey

Justin Greer
US Geological Survey

Mark Reider
Defense Logistics Agency

Rachel Methvin
US Navy

Natalia Vinas
OSD

Heather Goss
USEPA

Mark Jankowski
USEPA

Michael Hays
USEPA

José Zambrana
USEPA/Office of Research and Development

Denise Rivers
US Army Corps of Engineers

Sarah Thompson
DOE EM-4 Regulatory and Policy Affairs

Alexandra Melnyk
DOE-EM

Marci Smeltz
ORD/CPHEA

Allen Brookes
USEPA

Joseph Martin
USEPA

Katrina Varner
USEPA

Laura Webb
USEPA

Paul Randall
USEPA

Richard Baldauf
USEPA

Susan Cormier
USEPA

Kathie Dionisio
USEPA/Office of Research and Development

Tao Li
USEPA/Office of Research and Development

Georges-Marie Momplaisir

USEPA/ORD/CEMM/WECD/ECB

Public and Tribal Stakeholders


Allan Chartrand
Puget Soundkeeper Alliance

Catherine Harris
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission

Dianne Barton
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission

Divinia Ries
Elkhart County, Indiana Community

Ezra Miller
San Francisco Estuary Institute

Jeffrey Short
ITRC Public Stakeholder

Kelsey Payne
Snoqualmie Indian Tribe

Kim Bray
Hoh Indian Tribe

Larry Franks
Friends of the Issaquah Salmon Hatchery

Marissa Paulling
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission

Page Hingst
Santee Sioux Nation

Sean Dixon
Puget Soundkeeper Alliance

Seth Book
Skokomish Indian Tribe

Academia


Adrian Gale
Benedict College

Katherine von Stackelberg

Harvard Center for Risk Analysis

Steven Becker
University of Alaska Fairbanks

Megan Hart
University of Missouri Kansas City

Seebacher Lizbeth
University of Washington

David Wark
University of Washington Tacoma

Damian Shea
North Carolina State University

Michael Hyman
North Carolina State University

Heidi Siegelbaum
Washington State University

Caitlin Lawrence
Washington State University

Jenifer McIntyre
Washington State University

Emeritus


Michael Murphy
Virginia DEQ
Retired

Andrew Kenefick
Retired

Industry Affiliates


John Norman
American Chemistry Council

Jessica Gattenby
Arcadis

Shannon Dunn
Arcadis

Hope Nemickas
Arcadis

Shalene Thomas
Battelle Memorial Institute

Jana Heisler White
Battelle Memorial Institute

Deepti Nair
Battelle Memorial Institute

Jenna Chaffeur
BBJ Group LLC

Jamie Suski
EA Engineering, Science, Technology, Inc., PBC

Hannah Dennis
EA Engineering, Science, Technology, Inc., PBC

Zachary Spotts
EA Engineering, Science, Technology, Inc., PBC

Jason Paul
ECS Southeast, LLP Raleigh

Paul Ecker
EES Environmental Consulting, Inc.

Chrissy Peterson
EHS Support, LLC

Dana McCue
EHS Support, LLC

Ioana Petrisor
Ensafe, Inc.

Jon Lindberg
Ensafe, Inc.

Patricia McIsaac
Eurofins

Andrew Patterson
Eurofins

Bonnie Janowiak
Groundwater & Environmental Services, Inc.

Kenia Whitehead
GSI Environmental Inc.

Graham Ansell
GSI Environmental Inc.

Sara Hutton
GSI Environmental Inc.

Erica Whiting
Terraphase Engineering, Inc.

Kevin Long
Terraphase Engineering, Inc.

Judd Mahan
Tetra Tech, Inc.

Camarie Perry
ToxStrategies, Inc.

Stephanie Kennedy
ToxStrategies, Inc.

David Feifarek
ToxStrategies, Inc.

Jennifer Bare
ToxStrategies, Inc.

Faith Morse
TRC

Jenny Phillips
TRC

Elizabeth Denly
TRC

Sean Moore
US Tire Manufacturers Association

Kirk Eastham
BBJ Group LLC

Carl Peters
BBJ Group LLC

Ivan Williamson
Burns & McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc

Kathrine Muirhead
Burns & McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc

Heather Lanza
CDM Smith

Patricia Reyes
Clean Harbors Environmental Services

Mahsa Modiri
EA Engineering, Science, Technology, Inc., PBC

Casey Remmer
GSI Environmental Inc.

Zhong Xiong
Haley & Aldrich, Inc.

Mike Ehlebracht
Haley & Aldrich, Inc.

Mark Schroeder
Integral Consulting Inc.

Barrie Selcoe
Jacobs

Jenny Zenobio
Jacobs

Cayla Whiteside
Kennedy/Jenks Consultants

Riz Sarmiento
Langan Engineering and Environmental Services Inc.

Sigrida Reinis
Langan Engineering and Environmental Services Inc.

Troy Gill
Matrix Environmental Services, LLC

Erik Bakkom
Maul Foster & Alongi, Inc.

Christine Nancarrow
Pacific Stormwater

Ryan Thomas
Parsons Corporation

Shuo Yu
Ramboll

Linda Logan
Terraphase Engineering, Inc.

Lisa McIntosh
Terraphase Engineering, Inc.

Tracey Norberg
US Tire Manufacturers Association

Alice England
Verdantas, LLC

Nicole Scroggins
Verdantas, LLC

Ziqi He
Verdantas, LLC

Kelsi Evans
WSP

Heather Gosack
WSP

Stefano Marconetto
WSP Canada Inc.

Pamela Rodgers
WSP

Dora Chiang
WSP USA

Jane Parkin Kullmann
WSP USA

Mark Surette
WSP USA Solutions, Inc.

image_pdfPrint this page/section


6PPD & 6PPD-quinone

Full PDF
glossaryGlossary
referencesReferences
acronymsAcronyms
ITRC
Contact Us
About ITRC
Visit ITRC
social media iconsClick here to visit ITRC on FacebookClick here to visit ITRC on TwitterClick here to visit ITRC on LinkedInITRC on Social Media
about_itrc
Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source (see suggested citation and disclaimer). This web site is owned by ITRC • 1250 H Street, NW • Suite 850 • Washington, DC 20005 • (202) 266-4933 • Email: [email protected] • Terms of Service, Privacy Policy, and Usage Policy ITRC is sponsored by the Environmental Council of the States.